The prostate gland serves as a critical organ of the male reproductive structure, which creates prostatic fluid needed for healthy sperm development. However, it has a tendency to develop different conditions, which include both benign enlargement and serious illnesses like cancer. These illnesses produce substantial negative effects on both urinary functioning and patient health.

Thus, it becomes vital to understand disorders affecting the prostate gland as early detection leads to better health outcomes. Additionally, knowing these concepts is vital for MBBS students and NEET PG exam aspirants as it helps them both succeed academically and learn to diagnose and treat future patients.

This guide explores the role of the prostate gland, common disorders, symptoms, and available treatments, providing key insights for medical students like you.

What is the Prostate Gland? 

The prostate gland is a small but muscular organ that surrounds the urethra. It is positioned in front of the rectum and just below the bladder.   

This gland plays a crucial role in reproduction by secreting a milky, alkaline fluid. It mixes with sperm from the testes and other seminal fluids during ejaculation, contributing to the formation of semen.

How is the Prostate Gland Structured?

The prostate gland is located in the lower pelvis between the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is enclosed within a fibrous capsule that provides structural support and surrounds the urethra, with the prostate gland resting above and the seminal vesicles positioned behind.

The gland has a cone-like shape. Its broad base encircles the neck of the bladder, while its apex extends downward below the urinary sphincter.

Lobes of the Prostate

The prostate gland anatomy is divided into five distinct lobes:

• Anterior Lobe: Located at the front of the prostate, this section lies directly in front of the urethra and is composed mainly of fibromuscular tissue rather than glandular tissue.
• Median Lobe: A cone-shaped portion positioned between the urethra and the two ejaculatory ducts, which transport sperm to the seminal vesicles.
• Lateral Lobes: The right and left lateral lobes form the majority of the prostate’s structure. Their posterior sections are continuous, but they are separated by the prostatic urethra, which is the widest section of the urethra.
• Posterior Lobe: This back-facing lobe connects to the lateral lobes and is the part of the prostate that doctors assess during a prostate examination.

Prostate Zones

The prostate is further divided into distinct zones based on its structure and function:

• Central Zone: Surrounding the ejaculatory ducts, this zone accounts for roughly 25% of the prostate’s total mass.
• Peripheral Zone: This is the largest section, making up about 70% of the gland. It surrounds most of the central zone and also partially encloses the prostatic urethra.
• Transition Zone: Representing just 5% of the prostate, this small section surrounds the part of the urethra that lies between the bladder and the verumontanum, a ridge-like structure along the floor of the urethra.

Tubular Structures Passing Through the Prostate

Several important tubular structures run through the prostate. They include: 

• The proximal urethra and two ejaculatory ducts. 
• The ejaculatory ducts enter the prostate near the seminal vesicles and converge at a point within the prostatic urethra known as the seminal colliculus.

What is the Function of Prostate Gland?

The following are the functions of prostate gland:

• Produces Fluid for Semen

The role of prostate gland is crucial in semen composition, as it produces a significant portion of prostatic fluid. This nutrient-rich fluid nourishes and protects sperm, enhancing their mobility and survival.

• Supports Reproduction

By combining its secretions with fluids from other glands, the prostate helps create seminal fluid. It provides an ideal environment for sperm, increasing their chances of reaching and fertilising an egg.

• Aids in Ejaculation

The prostate’s muscular contractions help propel semen through the urethra during ejaculation. This coordinated movement ensures the smooth release of sperm during reproduction.

What are the Common Disorders of the Prostate Gland?

The prostate gland is prone to several disorders that can impact urinary and reproductive health. They are as follows:

1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A non-cancerous increase in prostate size that puts pressure on the urethra, causing urinary problems like frequent urges to urinate, weak urine flow, and incomplete bladder emptying. This condition mainly results from hormonal changes associated with ageing.

2. Prostatitis  

Inflammation of the prostate, which may be bacterial or non-bacterial. Symptoms include: 

• Pelvic pain 
• Difficulty urinating 
• Fever (in bacterial cases) 
• Discomfort during ejaculation 

Chronic prostatitis can persist for an extended period and often requires long-term management.

3. Prostate Cancer 

A malignant disorder where abnormal prostate cells multiply uncontrollably. In its early stages, it may not present noticeable symptoms, but as it advances, it can cause urinary problems, blood in urine or semen, and erectile dysfunction. Factors like ageing, genetic predisposition, and hormonal imbalances contribute to its risk.

4. Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN)

A precancerous condition marked by abnormal cell growth in the prostate. It does not cause symptoms but is usually identified through biopsies. Regular monitoring is necessary to check for any progression toward cancer.

5. Prostate Stones 

They are small calcified deposits that form in the prostate and are often linked to chronic inflammation. These stones are typically asymptomatic but may sometimes lead to pelvic pain or urinary discomfort.

What are the Symptoms of Prostate Disorders?

Prostate-related problems can present with various symptoms, though some conditions may develop silently without noticeable signs. When symptoms appear, they often involve urinary difficulties, pain, or sexual health issues.

Urinary Symptoms

• Frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia).
• Trouble starting urination or a weak urine flow.
• A feeling of incomplete bladder emptying.
• Sudden, urgent need to urinate.

Pain and Discomfort

• Burning or pain while urinating (dysuria).
• Discomfort in the lower back, pelvic area, or genitals.

Blood in Urine or Semen

• Presence of blood in the urine (hematuria) or semen which may signal infections or more serious conditions like prostate cancer.

Sexual Health Concerns

• Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.
• Pain during ejaculation.

Other Indications

• Frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs). 
• Persistent fatigue. 
• Overall weakness.

The following are some essential factors to consider:

• Since many prostate conditions share similar symptoms, consulting a healthcare professional for a precise diagnosis is essential. 
• Men who notice any of these signs, especially if they continue or worsen, should seek medical attention for proper assessment and treatment. 
• Routine screenings and medical check-ups, especially for those over 50, can help detect problems early and improve treatment success.

How are Prostate Disorders Diagnosed?

Diagnosing prostatic diseases requires clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Here are the key tests used to identify prostate conditions:

• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This blood test measures PSA levels, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): This test involves a healthcare provider inserting a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to assess the prostate’s size, shape, and texture.
• Urinalysis and Urine Culture: These lab tests analyse urine samples to detect infections, blood, or other irregularities.
• Prostate Biopsy: A needle extracts small prostate tissue samples for microscopic examination to check for abnormalities.
• Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): This imaging test uses sound waves to generate prostate images. It helps assess prostate size, guide biopsies, and investigate abnormalities found during a DRE or elevated PSA levels.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This non-invasive imaging technique provides detailed prostate images. It helps evaluate prostate cancer, guide biopsies, and determine cancer staging. MRI also assists in assessing cancer spread and planning treatment.
• Urodynamic Tests: These tests measure how effectively the bladder and urethra store and release urine, helping diagnose urinary symptoms linked to BPH or other disorders.
• Cystoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera enters the urethra to examine the bladder and prostate. This procedure helps detect urinary obstructions and abnormalities in the lower urinary tract.

Doctors often use a combination of these tests to diagnose prostate diseases accurately and determine suitable treatments. Regular screenings and check-ups play a crucial role in the early detection and effective management of prostate conditions.

What are the Treatment Options for Prostate Disorders?

Prostate gland disorder treatment varies depending on the specific condition:

Prostate Cancer Treatments

• Active Surveillance

Doctors regularly monitor cancer growth through screenings, scans, and biopsies every one to three years.

• Brachytherapy

This internal radiation therapy involves placing radioactive seeds in the prostate to target cancer while preserving healthy tissue.

• Focal Therapy

It targets only the cancerous part of the prostate using techniques like high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), cryotherapy, laser ablation, or photodynamic therapy (PDT).

• Prostatectomy

Surgeons remove the prostate to eliminate cancer.

Prostatitis Treatments

• Medications

Doctors prescribe drugs to relax the muscles around the prostate and bladder, improving urine flow. They can also provide antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.

• Stress Management

Therapy for anxiety and depression helps reduce prostatitis symptoms.

• Exercises

Pelvic floor exercises help relieve muscle spasms.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Treatments

• Medications

Certain drugs reduce hormone production that causes prostate enlargement.

• Surgery

Surgeons remove excess prostate tissue that is blocking urine flow.

• Water Vapour Therapy

A device inserted through the urethra releases steam vapour, which destroys prostate cells and reduces the size of the prostate.

FAQs About Prostate Gland

1. How is the prostate structured?

An individual’s prostate is about the size of a walnut and consists of three primary zones – peripheral, central, and transitional. The peripheral zone is where most prostate cancers develop; the central zone produces fluid essential for semen, and the transitional zone surrounds the urethra.

2. What role does the prostate play in the body?

The prostate is essential for male reproduction. It secretes prostatic fluid that supports and safeguards sperm. Additionally, its smooth muscles help propel semen during ejaculation.

3. What signs indicate prostatitis?

Prostatitis, often triggered by an infection, causes pelvic pain, difficulty or discomfort while urinating, and flu-like symptoms.

4. How common is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men. Therefore, early detection is vital and involves screening methods like the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test.

5. How can men keep their prostate healthy?

Men can maintain prostate health by scheduling regular medical check-ups, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and monitoring urinary changes. A healthcare professional can provide personalised guidance based on their needs.

Conclusion 

Understanding the prostate gland, its functions, and common disorders helps in early detection and effective treatment. Proper diagnosis and timely medical intervention can help to improve the prostate health of men. For NEET PG aspirants, mastering this topic is essential for diagnosing and managing prostate conditions in clinical practice.

At DocTutorials, we provide in-depth insights into various medical topics, including diseases and treatments. Our expert-led guidance, comprehensive video lectures, and well-structured mock tests support your learning journey. With a strategic approach, you can improve conceptual clarity, refine time management skills, and maximise your exam performance. Start preparing for the NEET PG 2025 exam today and boost your chances of securing a top rank!