A dust mite allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to dust mite proteins. Studies show that around 5-30% of the world’s population is affected by this allergy. Treatment generally involves medication and reducing exposure to dust mites.

Understanding dust mite allergy can help protect against its effects. Additionally, in-depth knowledge is important for NEET PG aspirants to pass their examinations. Keep reading to learn about its symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

 What is Dust Mite Allergy?

A dust mite allergy generally occurs when the body reacts to dust mites, which are tiny, eight-legged creatures related to spiders. They are too small to see without a microscope. An allergic reaction happens when the immune system responds to a substance it sees as harmful.

Dust mites are commonly found in mattresses, bedding, curtains, carpets, and fabric-covered furniture. They survive by feeding on dead skin cells shed by humans and pets. 

Additionally, their dead bodies and waste contain proteins that act as allergens. Although these substances are usually harmless, the immune system treats them like harmful invaders, such as viruses or bacteria, and even reacts to remove them.

 Causes of Dust Mite Allergy

Allergies usually occur when the immune system reacts to substances such as pollen or mites in dust. When it sees these as harmful, it triggers allergic inflammation.

This is why allergies cause symptoms like a runny nose and sneezing, similar to a cold. If the symptoms become severe or last a long time, they can also lead to asthma.

A person is more likely to have a dust allergy on the skin if they have the following causes:

• Have a genetic tendency to develop dust or other allergies within the family.
• A person frequently exposed to dust and dust mites.
• Any child or young adult.

 Symptoms of Dust Mite Allergy

The dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of a pollen allergy and may include:

• Red, itchy, and watery eyes
• Sneezing
• An itchy, runny, or blocked nose
• An itchy mouth or throat
• Coughing
• Itchy skin
• Tiredness
• Postnasal drip
• Difficulty sleeping due to these symptoms

If a person has asthma, dust mite allergy can also make symptoms worse, leading to:

• Chest tightness or pain
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Wheezing or a whistling sound when breathing out
• Coughing

These symptoms of dust allergy can occur throughout the year, as dust mites are commonly found in bedding, mattresses, and pillows. Symptoms are often worse during sleep or after waking up.

 Diagnosis of Dust Mite Allergy

If a person shows symptoms of a dust mite allergy, a healthcare provider may suggest seeing an allergist, or a specialist in diagnosing and treating allergies. The allergist may ask questions about family history, past allergies, symptoms, medication use, and exposure to dust.

Tests for Dust Mite Allergy

Skin Prick Test

A small amount of dust mite protein is placed on the skin, usually on the forearm or upper back. The dust mites on the skin are then lightly pricked with a tiny needle to allow the allergen to enter.

If an allergic reaction occurs, such as raised spots or redness, it confirms sensitivity. Results may appear within 15 minutes, and the test only takes less than an hour. 

IgE Blood Test (Allergy Blood Test)

A small blood sample is taken from the arm and sent to a lab, where it is tested for IgE antibodies. High IgE levels indicate an allergy to dust mites. The results might take a week or more.

Treatment Options for Dust Mite Allergy

This allergy cannot be cured, but dust allergy treatment can help manage symptoms. A healthcare provider may recommend different medications to relieve allergic reactions.

Some of the dust allergy medicines mainly include:

Oral Antihistamines

These help to block histamine, a chemical that causes sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. They usually take effect within half an hour.

Antihistamine Nasal Sprays

These medications are being sprayed into the nostrils to block histamine and reduce allergy symptoms.

Nasal Corticosteroids

These are considered the most effective treatments for hay fever. When sprayed into the nose, they also help reduce inflammation.

Leukotriene Modifiers

These help control allergy symptoms but may take 4 to 6 weeks to show results.

Decongestants

They are available as tablets or nasal sprays and provide temporary relief from a blocked nose but should not be used long-term.

Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy)

Regular allergy shots help the immune system become more tolerant to dust mite allergens. Improvement generally takes 6 to 12 months, and a complete dust mite allergy treatment usually lasts 3 to 5 years.

Sublingual Immunotherapy (Allergy Drops)

Small doses of dust mite proteins are placed under the tongue daily to help the body build tolerance. Symptoms usually improve after about six months.

Prevention Tips for Dust Mite Allergy

Although dust mites cannot be completely treated, the following steps can help to provide dust allergy treatment at home:

Use Allergy-Proof Bedding Covers

Tightly woven covers on mattresses, pillows, and box springs prevent dust mites from accumulating. Plastic covers can also help prevent house dust mite allergy.

Maintaining Bedding Hygiene

Washing bedding weekly in hot water for at least 60°C can help prevent dust mites in bed symptoms. If a washing machine is unavailable, seal bedding in a plastic bag and freeze it for 24 hours.

Control Humidity Levels

Keeping indoor humidity below 50% helps prevent dust mites from multiplying. Air conditioners and dehumidifiers can assist with this.

Improve Air Filtration

Use a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter to remove dust allergens from the air and clean filters regularly. Avoid using fans, as they can spread allergens.

Vacuum and Clean Surfaces Daily

Vacuum carpets, rugs, and upholstered furniture at least twice a week using a microfilter vacuum bag. Removing carpets can further reduce allergens. Wearing a mask while vacuuming may help.

Wipe Down Hard Surfaces

Use a microfiber or damp cloth to clean surfaces and prevent allergens from becoming airborne. 

Complications of Dust Mite Allergy

If a person is regularly exposed to dust mites without proper precautions, it may lead to additional health issues, including:

• Sinusitis
• Asthma and asthma attacks
• Eczema
• Increased sensitivity to irritants such as air pollution, dry air, and cigarette smoke.

 FAQs about Dust Mite Allergy

1. Can dust cause illness?

Yes, dust can lead to health problems. It may contain allergens like pet dander, pollen, mould, and dust mites. People who are allergic to these substances may feel unwell if they breathe them in or come into contact with them.

2.  Who can be affected by dust mite allergy?

Dust mite allergy can affect anyone. However, the risk is higher for those with asthma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis), eczema, or a family history of allergies. People with a genetic tendency to develop allergies, known as atopy, are also more likely to be affected.

3. How does dust mite allergy affect the body?

When a person with a dust mite allergy is first exposed to dust mite proteins, the body produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. These antibodies mistakenly treat the proteins as harmful and try to fight them.

However, the immune system reacts more strongly with repeated exposure, leading to allergy symptoms.

4. How can someone tell if there are dust mites?

If a person frequently experiences allergy symptoms in a certain space, it could be a sign that dust mites are present.

5. Can dust mite allergy spread to others?

No, dust mite allergy is not contagious. Dust mites do not spread from one person to another.

6. Can someone be allergic to airborne dirt?

Yes, some people can be allergic to airborne dirt, including dust mites and pet dander.

7. Can dust mite allergy be cured?

Dust mite allergy cannot be cured or completely stopped. However, a healthcare provider can suggest treatments to help manage the symptoms.

8. What can kill dust mites quickly?

Washing bedding in hot water at least 130°F (55°C) can kill dust mites. Moreover, freezing items that cannot be washed for 24 hours can also help eliminate them.

9.  How long does a dust mite allergy last?

Dust allergy symptoms usually ease within a few hours after avoiding allergens. However, for those with severe allergies, symptoms may last for several days.

10.  What to expect with a dust mite allergy?

Although a dust mite allergy cannot be cured, symptoms can be managed by reducing exposure to dust mites and using medication.

 Conclusion

A dust mite allergy is a common reaction caused by tiny bugs living in household dust. It generally leads to symptoms similar to a pollen allergy, including itchiness in the nose, eyes, throat, skin, and mouth. Reducing exposure to dust and dust mites is also essential, as long-term contact may lead to more health issues. Medical students preparing for the NEET PG exams require a thorough understanding of dust mite allergy and other related topics as part of their syllabus. Join DocTutorials’ NEET PG course today to improve your exam preparation and understanding.